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Singapore Stainless Steel Roofing under conditions of moderate urban pollution and moderate coastal salt exposure.
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Hong Kong Building Exteriors and Railings under conditions of high urban pollution and high to moderate coastal salt exposure.
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Canary Islands Railings and Lamposts under conditions of moderate urban pollution and high to moderate coastal salt exposure.
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Paper originally delivered at the BSSA Conference ‘Stainless Solutions for a Sustainable Future’ held in Rotherham on 3rd April 2003. The paper considers the problem of durability with conventional construction materials in relation to concrete reinforcement and structural applications including bridges, but could be applied equally to other civil engineering structures. The UK Highways Agency advice note BA84/02 and BS 6744 are discussed in relation to reinforcement , pointing out the advantages of stainless steel as a concrete reinforcing steel. Durability and aesthetic appeal are advantages for stainless steels in structural applications. The paper gives a variety of examples where stainless steels have been used.
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This paper was originally published in The Structural Engineer, (Volume 82 Issue 9 4th May 2004), and reviews structural failures in swimming pool buildings, attributed to stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel and the progress made since it was identified where the risks of failure can occur. Pool building environments are reviewed in terms of water temperature, disinfection systems, (chlorine), humidity and condensation. Prevention of SCC (stress corrosion cracking) failure is the joint responsibility of the designer, structural engineer and pool operator. Grade selection to avoid SCC involves considering grades such as, 1.4547, 1.4529, 1.4565, or 1.4507, rather than the 1.4301, (304), and 1.4401 / 1.4404, (316), types, which are more suited to non stressed, non safety critical or load bearing applications.
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This article describes what types of structural stainless steel sections are available and how they can be procured. It outlines what sections are available ex-stock and which may need to be made-to-order. Ranges of dimensions for hollow and bar sections are given.
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This paper was originally published in Stainless Steel Industry in December 2001 and reviews a range of building and construction projects, featuring stainless steels in both aesthetic and structural applications. Projects mentioned include the Bilbao Abandoibarra Bridge, Lloyds Building, (London), Petronas Towers, (Kuala Lumpur), the Court of Human Rights, (Strasbourg) and Waterloo Eurostar Terminal, (London), where the stainless steel had to meet a design life of 125 years. Applications for both austenitic and duplex types are discussed in structural, architectural, tunnel and road applications. Swimming pool, plumbing, (water), and chimney lining applications are also mentioned.
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Type 304 and 316 have given good performance in many sites worldwide and are suitable for the majority of applications, including distribution of drinking, (potable), water. However, where soils are particularly aggressive, alloys providing a higher level of resistance such as 2205 duplex or superaustenitic stainless steels may be required: alternatively external protection may be applied.
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This Health and Safety Executive Sector Information Minute SIM 5/2002/18 outlines the background to stress corrosion cracking failure hazards to stainless steel items used in indoor swimming poll buildings. This follows on from roof failures in Switzerland in 1985 and more recently in the Netherlands and notes that the atmospheres of indoor swimming pool buildings are amongst the most aggressive ones found in building interiors, where stainless steels are used. The minute discusses the background, noting the effects of chlorine based water disinfection systems and the chloramines generated by body fluid excretions on stainless steel components under applied or residual tensile stress. The stress corrosion process is outlined and the susceptibility of grades, 1.4301, (304), and, 1.4401, (316), to SCC in swimming pool environments noted. Preventative measures, inspection procedures and recommended actions for HSE inspectors are also covered.
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Structural stainless steel sections are being used increasingly as the particular characteristics of stainless steel are more widely understood. This article provides a link to the Stainless Steel Sections Directory which shows data on the sections available and the potential suppliers of such sections
